POLLUTION AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION: AN ENTREPRENEURIAL APPROACH FOR WATER QUALITY SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA
Keywords:
Groundwater, Pollution, Pathogenic, Micropollutants, SustainabilityAbstract
Groundwater is a very important resource for human life. It accounts for nearly 60% of the world’s drinking water supply. In arid and semi-arid zones this rate may even reach100%. The groundwater container in the earth’s subsurface known as aquifer can be contaminated by undesirable chemical and biotic elements and as such lead to pollution of groundwater. The great importance of this natural resource demands that there should be good knowledge of how it gets contaminated to ensure adoption of suitable protection strategies to sustain its purity. This research reviewed some sources of groundwater pollution prevalent in Nigeria. They are; pathogenic induced pollution, chemical pollution, pollution due to nitrogen compounds, pollution due to phosphorus, and anthropogenic induced pollutants. The source protection was also reviewed as it is a herculean task to clean up the aquifer. Land-use and other anthropogenic factors were considered necessary for good drinking water sustainability. Water Safety Plans can play a fundamental role for communities to protect groundwater quality. Sanitation solutions need to be adapted to the regional conditions in order to be sustainable. These solutions include developing curricula as well as institutional capacity-building programs. Sanitation and groundwater issues including capacity development need to be addressed at all of government for agricultural use. Compared to surface water bodies, groundwater resources are better protected against pollution and evaporation during dry seasons, therefore they represent a more important and efficient form of water storage. Natural groundwater, unaffected by human activities, is free of pathogens and in many areas free of undesirable chemical substances. In arid and semi-arid countries groundwater is the sole resource for agricultural irrigation. These facts turn groundwater in most areas of the world into an affordable, reliable and an inevitable key element for sustainable human development.Downloads
References
ARGOSS (2002) Assessing risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation: Scientific review and
Case studies. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, Nottingham, United
Kingdom, www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/Output/5259 /Default.aspx.
Bartram, J., Thyssen, N., Gowers, A., Pond, K., Lack, T. (eds.) (2002) Water and health in
Europe: A joint report from the European Environment Agency and the WHO
Regional Office for Europe. WHO Regional Publications EuropeanSeries, No. 93,
Copenhagen, Denmark Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources,
Hannover, Germany, www.bgr.bund.de/EN/symposium2008.
Berger G.F., Calderon P. S. (1997). Coliform bacteria and waterborne disease outbreaks. Journal
of the American Water Works Association 9(3), 96-104,
www.mendeley.com/research/coliform-bacteria-and-waterborne-disease-outbreaks/DVG
(1995). Arbeitsblatt W 101 Richtlinien für Trinkwasserschutzgebiete, I. Teil:
Schutzgebiete für Grundwasser. Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfachese.V.,
Eschborn,Germany,www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/hydro/vorl_portal/gw-schutz/dvgw.htm.
Cave, B., Kolsky, P. (1999). Groundwater, latrines and health. WELL Task 163, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Water, Resource and Development
Centre (WEDC), London, Loughborough, UK,
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/well-studies/full-reports-pdf/task0163.pdf.Craun.
DVGW. (2006). Guidelines on drinking water protectionareas - Part 1: Groundwater
protection areas. Bonn,DeutscheVereinigung des Gas- und
Wasserfachese.V.Technische Regel, Arbeitsblatt W 101.
DWA. (2003). A protocol to manage the potential of groundwater contamination from on-site
sanitation. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria,South Africa,
www.dwa.gov.za/groundwater/Documents/GWpro tocolMar03.pdfD
Ejiogu, B.C., Opara A.I., Nwofor, O.K. & Nwosu, E. I. (2017). Geochemical and Bacteriological
Analyses of Water Resources Prone to Contamination from Solid Waste Dumpsites in
Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria Journal of Environmental Science and Technology10
(6)325-343.
Falkenmark, M. (2004). Towards integrated catchment management: Opening the paradigm
locks between hydrology, ecology and policymaking. International Journal of Water
Resources Development, 20(3), 275–282, http://sd-cite.iisd.org/cgi-bin/koha/opacdetail.pl?biblionumber=27048.
Foster, S. S. D., Chilton, P.J. (2004). Downstream of downtown: urban wastewater as
groundwater recharge.Hydrogeology Journal, 12(1), 115–120.
www.mendeley.com/research/downstream-of-downtown-urban-wastewater-asgroundwater-recharge/.
Geohring, L. D., McHugh, O.V., Walter, M, Steenhuis, T., Saleem,A, M. (2001). Phosphorus
transport into subsurface drains by macropores after manure applications: implications
for best manure management practices. Soil Science,166(12), 896-
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13409006.
Huisman, J., Codd, G. A., Paerl, H. W., Ibelings, B. W., Verspagen, J. M., & Visser, P. M.
(2018). Cyanobacterial blooms. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(8), 471-483.
Hrudey, S. E., Payment, P., Huck, P. M., Gillham, R. W., Hrudey, E.J. (2003). A fatal
waterborne disease epidemic in Walkerton, Ontario: comparison with other waterborne
outbreaks in the developed world. Water Science and Technology,47(3), 7–
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638998.
Jönsson, H., Stenström, T. A., Svensson, J., & Sundin, A. (1997). Source separated urine-nutrient
and heavy metal content, water saving and faecal contamination. Water Science and
Technology, 35(9), 145-152.
Lawrence, A. R., Gooddy, D. C., Kanatharana, P., Meesilp, W., Ramnarong, V. (2000).
Groundwater evolution beneath HatYai, a rapidly developing city in Thailand.
Hydrogeology Journal, 8(5), 564-575, http://wasserforscher.de/schueler/wie_nutzen_wir
er/wasser_braucht_schutzgebiete/index.htm.
Moloantoa K.M., Khetsha Z.P., Van Heerden E. (2022). Nitrate water contamination from
industrial activities and complete dentrification as remediation option Water, 14(5), 799;
https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050799
Nick, A. (2011). Methodology and results of the vulnerability map for Lusaka and surroundings
using the PI-method - a documentation and manual - Technical note no. 6. Department
of Water Affairs (DWA), Zambia, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural
-
en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=1376.
OpenDocumentWEHAB (2002). A framework for action onwater and sanitation.
Johannesburg,SouthAfrica.www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/summit_docs/
wehab_papers/wehab_water_sanitation.pdf.
Pedley, S., Yates, M., Schijven, J.F., West, J., Howard, G. Barrett, M. (2006). Pathogens:
Health relevance, transport and attenuation. In: Schmoll, O., Howard, G., Chilton, J.,
Chorus, I. (eds.) Protecting Groundwater for Health, WHO, IWA, London, UK,
www.who.int/water_sanitation _health/resourcesquality/en/groundwater3%20.pdf.
Rees, J. A. (2006). Urban Water and Sanitation Services: An IWRM Approach. Global Water
Partnership, Elanders, Sweden, http://indiasanitationportal.org/98.
Rose, C., Parker, A., Jefferson, B., & Cartmell, E. (2015) The characterization of feces and urine:
A review of the literature to inform advanced treatment technology. Critical Reviews in
Environmental Science and Technology, 45(17), 1827-1879.
Shijven, J., Medema, G, Volgelaar, A.J. Hassanizadeh, S.M. (2000).Removal of microorganisms
by deep well injection, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 44(3-4), 301-327.
Siddique, M. T., Robinson, J. S. (2003).Phosphorus sorption and availability in soils amended
with animal manures and sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32(3),
–1121, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12809313.
Strauss, M. (1985). Health aspects of nightsoil and sludge use in agriculture and aquaculture.
IRCWD Report No. 04/85. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal (IRCWD).
Ternes, T. (2009). Challenges for the future: emerging micropollutants in urban water cycle.
BFG, Koblenz,Germany(presentation for a seminar at UNESCO-IHE, Delft,
Netherlandshttp://www.susana.org/langen/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=1378
UBA. (2002). The German water sector: Policies and experiences.German Environment
Agency, Berlin, Germany, www.umweltbundesamt.de/wasser/wsektor
/wasserdoku/english/doku_e.pdf.
UNESCO.(2020). World Water Assessment Programme, "The United Nations World Water
Development Report" (https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-developmentreport-2020/).
USEPA. (1987). DRASTIC: A standardized system for evaluating groundwater pollution
potential using hydrogeological settings. United States Environment Protection Agency,
Washington D.C.,
USA.http://yosemite.epa.gov/water/owrccatalog.nsf/9da204a4b4406ef885256ae0007a79c
/9f6b7f250b4fbc4585256b0600723559!.
Verheyen D, Van Gaelen N, Ronchi B, Batelaan O, Struyf E, Govers G, Merckx R, Diels
J.2015). Dissolved phosphorus transport from soil to surface water in catchments with
different land use. Ambio 44(2) doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0617-5.
WHO. (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, www.susana.org/langen/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=.
